religion anthropology quizlet religion anthropology quizlet

\end{array} Serve an emotional need. What are the main criticisms of trait theories? - Scientific model of the planet as a single 'organic' system, seen as analogous to a human body rather than as a series of atomized, unrelated elements, dim lit room -> soft music ->sit in chair with senior mediums in the room -> bow an close eyes-> mediums reach out but do not touch you, and move their hands over you-> realigns your spiritual balance, Describe Roy Rappaport's concepts of higher and lower order cosmologies. A kind of religion based on community rituals, like harvest ceremonies and passage rites. Although the study of mythology originated with a focus on Greek and Roman societies, comparative study of mythology developed as anthropologists began studying indigenous peoples and as linguists began studying sacred texts of other world religions besides Judaism and Christianity. The body of a particular child who is 4 feet tall and weighs $50 \mathrm{lb}$ has surface area $1,365 \mathrm{in}^2$. 2. Needs to be accepted on faith. Clifford James Geertz (/ r t s / (); August 23, 1926 - October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology and who was considered "for three decades. Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces (Anthony Wallace). These can also include generalized goals like ideas of freedom and social cohesion. The consistency and degree of placebo response necessitates a common underlying mechanism or system of mind-body communication present in all forms of healing. The surface area $S$ of the body of an average person 4 feet tall who weighs $w \mathrm{lb}$ changes at the rate $S^{\prime}(w)=110 w^{-0.575} \mathrm{in}^2 / \mathrm{lb}$ Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). Secular rituals are, for the most part, representational in that they are not believed to cause any fundamental alteration of the participants. mile Durkheim (b. As of early 2015, The Netherlands, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, Denmark, Brazil . Anthropology of Religion. Impersonal, sacred force, so named in Melanesia (anyone had it) and Polynesia (chiefs had it). +social control -> controlling bodies= the ultimate outward sign of complete conformity to authority (posture, behavior, no privacy), - The body is a model which can stand for any bounded system. -Emphasizes that rites of passage are trasformative (they mark the transition from one life stage to another) --> He presented three stages Washington, DC: University Press of America. 3. An example of the latter is a ritual of healing, in which a shaman reenacts a past event when a healing occurred or imitates the behavior of a particular spirit whose function it is to dispel disease or disease-causing agents. 3. ; 6 What do anthropological archeologists study? Learn anthropology religion with free interactive flashcards. It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. \hline \text { Between Groups } & 1034.51 & 2 & 517.26 & 19.86 & 4.49 \mathrm{E}-07 \\ "Cult of Saints", List three ways in which patients are 'prepared' for the treatment by Dr. Fritz, 1. Exists in all human societies. The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of determining the history, origins, and functions of religion. +thought of them as racially pure Tylor's definition of religion emphasizes, a belief in spiritual or "supernatural" beings, Which of the following is a "type" of religion that anthropologists have studied, Prehistoric religions, ancient religions, Indigenous religions of small scale societies. A perspective that aims to identify and understand the wholethat is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practicesrather than the individual parts. Satere Mawe right of passage. At the same time, it elevates their status within that society. The ritual is preceded by purification rites over the site and the objects used in creating the mandala. TreatmentsABC1109821265Blocks318151442018185878\begin{aligned} In many cultures, they now may be ready for marriage, and they can no longer freely mix with nonrelated females. Custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms. When natives have contact with industrial societies but lack wealth, tech and living standards. Are social acts. We ask how secular and sacred traditions are alike and different and attend to the distinctive questions which arise from the provocations of a theory of tradition itself. Puberty rituals are typical of rites of passage and are an important part of many cultures process of adult identity formation. Cargo cult. Similar to our notion of luck. Belief in souls or doubles (two entities inhabit the body, day and night-double soul). Christianity originated as a ____ ____, Jesus was one of several prophets. These range from greeting rituals to elaborate and highly complex governmental and national rituals. The body is a complex system, and the functions of its various parts can be a source for symbols for other complex processes in society. A physical inventory of Liverpool Company taken at December 31 reveals the following. + culturally and contextually driven notions Theories help to direct our thinking and provide a common framework from which people can work. Example: circumcision of teenagers, temporarily separate youth from community, confirmations, baptism, bar/bat mitzvahs, frat hazing. 2, the idea that religion is, above all else, a question of faith or belief is most associated with, Studies about the evolution of religion tend to focus on all but which of the following questions, Evolution of religion asks all these key questions (When did religion begin, how did it begin, how did religion change over time, is the emergence of religion associated with other aspects of biological evolution?). Describe two things wrong with the design of this study. a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - Kogi are decedents of this people Another example of a rite of passage ritual is initiation, or ordination, into a renunciant religious order as a monk or a nun. Native Australians, Native Americans. Contents. A lack of environmental security correlated with control of women. Their state can be viewed as one of extended liminality, in that they always remain as separate, even when living in the midst of the society. ; 2 What do anthropological archaeologists study? Common elements in these include a ritual bath, ascetic practices like fasting, repetition of certain prayers, a period of solitude, and sacrificial offerings. \hline \text { Source of Variation } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & F & \text { p-value } \\ A ceremonial cross of the John Frum cargo cult, Tanna island, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu ), 1967. For boys to become men they must endure the bit of the bullet ant. Seen in Aztecs, Mexico, Africa, Asia, Rome, Greece. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a myth? Thus, attendance at ones graduation ceremony, for example, is not a prerequisite to graduate. In a mediated ritual, on the other hand, the beneficiary is the individual for whom it is performed, or the inanimate objects for which or with which the ritual is enacted. 3. The key difference between the two social sciences is that sociology concentrates on society while anthropology focuses on culture. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 86 The quest for justice Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lizard2025 Terms in this set (86) What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? Explain. Change in social status. \hspace{10pt}\text{Fixed selling and administrative expenses}&\underline{\hspace{25pt}75,000 }&\underline{\hspace{20pt}235,000}\\ Purification rituals may also be done on their own as a preparation for most everyday activities, from eating to working to sleeping. Linked to capitalism- more ascetic, entrepreneurial and future oriented. Intense feeling of social solidarity, equality and togetherness. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. \hspace{10pt}\text{Variable cost of goods manufactured (500,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\$\hspace{5pt}7,000,000\\ Separate from larger religion from which they arose because it is "corrupt". They are generally referred to in English as priests, and their primary function is to oversee both mediated and public rituals. Lower order systems are all about specific material goals, like money making and physical pleasures. \hspace{10pt}\text{Less ending inventory (80,000 units x \$14 per unit)}&\underline{\hspace{10pt}1,120,000}\\ Most religious traditions have specific rituals that serve to cleanse a member of consequences of sins committed, bad karma, or other such actions, and to bring the member back into grace with the divine or spirit world, as well as with the community. (Ed.). They typically integrate the rituals into their daily lives, along with eating, working, and so forth. Beginnings in ritual studies. &\text { Treatments }\\ It discusses various theoretical and contemporary perspectives on fieldwork and ethnography. Mana You have been asked to provide an approximation of the real interest rate considering following situation: the real risk-free rate of interest is 4.8% and the expected rate of inflation is constant at 3.1%. Can be animals, plants or geographic feathers. Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. anthropology, "the science of humanity," which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Worship of a single supreme being. -She eventually became aware that being an ethnographer meant studying the self as well as the other. Their functions and significances are generally personal, social, symbolic, and not necessarily mandatory. Discuss Peggy Sanday's conception of sex pole plans based on inner vs. outer orientations. (typical of the transitional stage. Monogamy, the union between two individuals, is the most common form of marriage. There are certain aspects and parts of ritual that can be found throughout the religious cultures of the world. There is no practical knowledge to be gained by women since they already gained their knowledge from there mother. If the market amount is less than the recorded cost of the inventory, then record the LCM adjustment to the Merchandise Inventory account. She figured that power is accorded to the sex that is thought to embody the forces that a group is dependent on. On June 30, 2014, the end of the first month of operations, Tudor Manufacturing Co. prepared the following income statement, based on the variable costing concept: Sales(420,000units)$7,450,000Variablecostofgoodssold:Variablecostofgoodsmanufactured(500,000unitsx$14perunit)$7,000,000Lessendinginventory(80,000unitsx$14perunit)1,120,000Variablecostofgoodssold5,880,000Manufacturingmargin$1,570,000Variablesellingandadministrativeexpenses80,000Contributionmargin$1,490,000Fixedcosts:Fixedmanufacturingcosts$160,000Fixedsellingandadministrativeexpenses75,000235,000Incomefromoperations$1,255,000\begin{array}{lrr} A marriage ceremony actually changes the participants spiritually, as well as legally and socially. He contends that the role of placebos in all forms of healing has been greatly underestimated. &\begin{array}{rrrrr} 32. Ambiguous social positions. Englishman 1871-1958. According to Durkheim, an emphasis on the supernatural should not be considered a required component of religion. Early anthropological study of religion was guided by social theory that was informed by evolutionary biology. - They were exploited by the Spanish until they fled into the Sierra Nevada mountains, - Put forward by the ex-NASA freelance physicist James Lovelock (used the name of a Greek earth Goddess) --> never intended his model to acquire the religious overtones. They thereby help to enhance bonds between members of a religious community and their belief system. \text{Variable selling and administrative expenses}&&\underline{\hspace{25pt}80,000}\\ A ritual that is performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar. These rituals have often been labeled magic by outsiders to the traditions in which they exist. What is an example of holistic anthropology? Magicians use this to produce a desired effect by imitating it. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . A kind of religion. - the Kogi consider themselves the elder brother who regard the mother earth as sacred -> it is their duty to convince younger brother to stop killing the Earth African traditions remain strong, also strong Christian origins Thus, ritual may involve DOING some behavior but it might also involve NOT DOING some behavior (as in the case of ritual "taboos.". These take the form of promises to fulfill certain duties or abstain from certain acts for a specified period of time. Curing is often accomplished by restructuring a disorder in a mythic world Significant here is his identification of three stages that can be seen in most such rites: the pre-ritual state, the liminal or transitional state, and the postritual state. It focused on the functions of culture traits and practices in maintaining a stable order in society. Answer: Sociology and Anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within their societies. A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. Anthropology of religion is the study of religion in relation to other social institutions and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.. How do anthropologists view religion? 2. It is universal, or has universal potential 4. Lacks written scripture and formal creeds He asks volunteers from his second-period class to report how many dreams they had last week. A few look beyond human nature to that of other animals, for analogues or precursors to religion. It can subsume or supplant a 'primal' religion -> rules and values serve a function of controlling behavior. It is simple, elegant and well supported through time. & 1 & 10 & 9 & 8 \\ Some animals are venerated because they are important sources of food and other materials essential to human survival. Use manure to fertilize their fields. Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists quizlet? The actual creation can take up to a week. This depends a lot on the environment. +Theory of binary oppositions (biological basis) Which scholar suggested that mythology should be viewed as of secondary importance rather than primary importance in understanding the nature and function of ancient (and indigenous) religions? The dismantling of the mandala and dispersion of the sand reflects the Buddhist view of impermanence. \text{Variable cost of goods sold:}\\ \hspace{10pt}\text{Variable cost of goods sold}&&\underline{\hspace{10pt}5,880,000}\\ This chapter introduces anthropology as an academic subject and explores its historical development. A part time magico-religious practitioner. The data are given in the following table. These formulas are, in a sense, magic . - Durkheim's most influential student, also a pioneer in the pursuit of origins, or grand evolutionary schemes. If the child gains $3 \mathrm{lb}$ while remaining the same height, by how much will the surface area of the child's body increase. A blessing of food actually alters the spiritual essence of the food. Indigenous cultures often have shamans who perform rituals as well. What is meant by the holistic approach in anthropology quizlet? This is because they function to serve as protectors and teachers to those who remain in and support the society. Through their focus on practice and learning they bring the anthropology of religion into conversation with questions of ethics and moral philosophy. Most religious traditions have individuals who are specifically trained and officially authorized to perform such rituals. Anthropology Anthropology Flashcards 05 2 - 25 cards 102 human origins - 29 cards 124P final - 64 cards 13/14 - 30 cards 2013 McDermott Scholars - 20 cards 207 Final - 136 cards 210 - 15 cards 215 Midterm - 218 cards 234 - 106 cards 2414 Anthro Test 1 - 48 cards 2nd mid term - 23 cards - 13 cards 34 Spleen - 73 cards 3rd Exam - 34 cards Since the early 1900s anthropologists have been conducting field research to retrieve, record, classify, and interpret religious beliefs and practices. European intellects, rise of fundamentalism, science. More science=less animism. Want the cargo coming in on ships and planes. You live away from your parents, but usually are not completely independent. Anthropology Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology, Anthropology Chapter 1: What is anthropology, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. - Worked in the Andaman Islands -> they had little contact with the outside world Religion has been found in all societies studied by anthropologists. 3. 3. As such, they are to be performed with an attitude of contrition and humility. A collective effervescence can develop in Religious contexts.