list of british army barracks in ireland list of british army barracks in ireland

Twenty-two bombs exploded in the space of eighty minutes, RM GBRTE8 - Northern Ireland - The Troubles - Londonderry - 1972 RM HM1HMA - Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. lead to an influx of Irish American volunteers supporting the IRA and members The following units of the British Army were stationed in Ireland just before the start of the Great War. Re: British Regiments Stationed in Ireland, https://armyservicenumbers.blogspot.com/2011/05/royal-welsh-fusiliers-1881-1914-1st-2nd.html?m=1, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk, Quote from: woodviewpark on Tuesday 06 July 21 03:00 BST (UK), https://www.rootschat.com/forum/index.php?topic=849746.9, https://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/the-curragh-army-camp/, Re: British Regiments Stationed in Ireland 70th Foot, Quote from: woodviewpark on Wednesday 07 July 21 07:13 BST (UK), https://www.rootschat.com/forum/index.php?topic=850746.0, Census information Crown Copyright, from www.nationalarchives.gov.uk, RootsChat.com, Europa House, Bury, Lancashire, BL9 5BT United Kingdom. RootsChat.com is a totally free family history forum to help you. Taken from a collection of 19th and 20th century paper architectural maps, plans and drawings of military installations throughout the island of Ireland many of which are previously unseen - it offers a unique opportunity to explore Irelands military architectural heritage.The MPD collection has come from a variety of sources, both under the British (UK) and Irish (Free State and Republic) administrations. Elizabeth Fort is now a police station but Cat Fort has been demolished. In stark contrast to the British soldiers Catholics despised the IRA who had bragged they would protect them and made their feelings known by calling the IRA I ran away and painting this on walls. Ivar McGrath, The Digital Mapping of Irelands Eighteenth-Century Barracks: The Munster Story. This reminds me of that story about most football referees "he would make a great referee if only the white stick did not get in the way". All Census Lookups are Crown Copyright, National Archives for academic and non-commercial research purposes only. Herbert Webb Gillman "Notes on the Siege of Cork in 1690", Journal of Cork Historical and Archaeological Society (1892) Vol. and were later named 'Victoria Barracks', in 1922 they were renamed 'Collins Barracks'. The barracks had accommodation for 18 officers and 242 men, also included was a hospital, church and school. Anderson and the whole town received considerable economic benefit from that gift. conflict was popularly called the troubles by people on both sides of the Irish By the 1830s there was an infantry barracks with accommodation for seven officers and 103 men. J. T. Collins "Military Defences of Cork", Journal of Cork Historical and Archaeological Society Vol. from a number of researchers including the CAIN project. David Chandler, (Oxford University Press, 1994). The last military post to be handed over to the Irish Free State (excluding the treaty ports in 1939) was the Royal (now Collins) Barracks in Dublin, on 17th December, 1922. This research was supported by seed funding from UCD Research, a research award from UCD College of Arts and Celtic Studies and an IRC Government of Ireland New Foundations award. Millstreet:Infantry barracks with accommodation for six officers and 100 men. Jack Burnell-Williams, 18, who served with the Household Cavalry, died on Wednesday after being found unresponsive at. 30 March 2015, UCD History Society, Dublin. The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force.As of 2022, the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurkhas, and 28,330 volunteer reserve personnel.. Stations of the British Army, 1845 Created by Dr. Jane Lyons Skip to content Counties Connaught Galway Leitrim Mayo Roscommon Sligo Leinster: C-L Carlow Dublin Kildare Kilkenny Laois (Queen's County) Longford Louth Leinster: M-W Meath Offaly (King's County) Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Munster Clare Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary Waterford Ulster Roberts wife was Sarah (Jelly from Ayrshire) and we wondered would a wife have accompanied Robert in his postings in Ireland etc? 152 (North Irish) Fuel Support Regiment Royal Logistic Corps 253 (North Irish) Medical Regiment 204 (North Irish) Field Hospital 157 Field Company 106 Battalion Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 62 Company 6 Military Intelligence Battalion Queen's University Officers' Training Corps Brigade Headquarters 38 (Irish) Brigade Headquarters [23][24], Three retained army facilities are not currently in use by British Forces Cyprus as a result of the Cyprus Conflict.[23]. The modern British Army traces back to 1707, with antecedents in the English Army and Scots Army that . The Upper Barracks: Military Geography in the Heart of New York By John Gilbert McCurdy In October 1757, the New York Common Council authorized the construction of the Upper Barracks. (M66)~VIEW OF ARMY BARRACKS B TRAINING STATION at the best online prices at eBay! [29] The deployment had been phased out by 2020, although concentrations of installations and troops in the Paderborn / Bielefeld / Gtersloh area and at Mansergh Barracks will remain until late in the decade. Given the overcrowding problems it is likely these figures were significantly exceeded. Lieutenants Philippe and Joseph Rousseau who served with Canadian Airborne Forces during WW2. Kings Liverpool Regiment - February 1951. My mission is to make the Long, Long Trail the best and most helpful reference site about the British Army in the Great War. island and our state. The Maps, Plans and Drawings collection of Military Barracks and Posts in Ireland (MPD Collection) is one of our newest online resources for researchers. In 1847 Spike Island and Philipstown (Kings County) were selected as male convict depots (females were accommodated at Fort Elizabeth in the city of Cork). C.1908 PC. A small station intended to assist BGN operations in eastern Nepal. Libya. Fort Templebreedy: Located on the coast south of Camden fort it was built 1904-1909 and dismantled in 1946. June 2014, Eighteenth-Century Ireland Society Annual Conference, Armagh. If you have comments or questions about this website, or if you have information about an eighteenth-century barracks in your area, please get in touch with the principal investigator,Ivar McGrath ativar.mcgrath@ucd.ie. about a possible British withdrawal were eased during the following months. The Army Barracks of Eighteenth-Century Ireland Pilot Project has been succeeded by the HEA North-South Research Programme 2021 funded project, 'Our Shared Built Military Heritage: The online mapping, inventorying and recording of the Army Barracks of Ireland, 1690-1921'. Due to this publicity many people tend to forget there were only two republican terrorist organisations, PIRA (the Official IRA was now little more than a name) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). On 1st of Dec 1844, a total of seven cavalry regiments and thirty-one infantry units, including depts, were stationed in Ireland.The strength of the British Army in Ireland before the handover of the barracks (which occurred following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921) tells its own story. It is clear British troops were deployed to Northern Ireland The Long, Long Trail has always been free to use but it does cost money to operate. 1 Colonel Henry Hodson Hooke informed the Mayor that he would switch the barrack provisioning contracts from Limerick to London if his soldiers could not walk the streets safely. This information could be of use to people looking for ancestors that are missing from censuses, I am after information on the 70th regiment of Foot, my ancestor Robert Chalmers b 1790 Girvan Ayrshire, joined the army in December 1813. the story goes that he was a soldier until a year or so before his death in 1836 in Glasgow. Any further information on this regiment appreciated to try and unravel this mystery. Segregation along religious lines has always been the major issue in the political and social life of Northern Ireland and this has been the cause and effect of violence. In 2010 approximately 25,000 British soldiers were permanently based in western Germany, a legacy of World War II and the Cold War. RM 2A2CA77 - Soldiers from the Queen's Own Highlanders army regiment, on patrol in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in December 1992. close to the border the IRA started using large IEDs capable of destroying Basic pay was 1s. The lists are contained in 75 volumes and appear under various titles. This was the start of the so-called No Go Areas where no one outside their community, including the Police, were allowed to enter. of the Irish Defence Force. Cork Urban Pilot Project. On June 4, after the evacuation of the defeated British army from Dunkirk, he pledged, "We shall fight on the beaches." On June 18 he proclaimed that even if the British Empire were to last for a thousand years, this would be remembered as its "finest hour." . 3,600, (Note: During the research for this post I found a large Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. RM DXABDP - Headquarters of No 31 Group Royal Observer Corps 1954-1991 The following is a description of living conditions in British army barracks and is applicable to the period 1815-80. By the end of the year 19 people had been killed, a large number of police officers had been injured during riots; the community had been totally polarised, violence and arson against homes and commercial buildings continued. In 1806 the first permanent barracks, the East Barracks, were built. It is now owned by the Department of Defence. Youghal: Infantry barracks with accommodation for six officers and 180 men. The two forts ceased to perform any 'military function' from this time but barracks were built nearby in 1698 and in 1719 a new barrack was built within Elizabeth Fort. [19] Medicine Lines, Tuker Lines and Scout Base are close to the town of Seria whilst Sittang Camp's more isolated placement in Tutong District reflects its role as a Jungle Training Centre.[20]. The two British enclaves in the Republic of Cyprus act as platforms for the projection of British military assets in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. from the loyalist community and only the army and RUC preventing a civil war, raised Indeed, many of the earlier Engineer Corps plans show evidence of re-use of Royal Engineer Corps originals, but have the original name for the location erased and the Irish name inserted instead. Otherwise my contact details can be found at www.fourteeneighteen.co.uk. the New Lodge area of Belfast. .. We concluded that the choice lies between British rule and Protestant rule and it was quite clearly in our interests to do everything possible, which may not be very much, to try to ensure that the British stay (The 1974-5 Threat of a British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland, Garrett Fitzgerald former Taoiseach, Irish Studies in International Affairs, Vol.17 , 2006 , p141-150), Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet of the Irish Republic, After meeting fierce resistance, British, Canadian and American units advanced into the German areas of Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen and Schleswig-Holstein, with the British Army occupying the north of the country. Northern Ireland: Abercorn Barracks, Ballykinler.. Jul - Sep 69: Kenya: Training: 1970.04: Germany: Stornoway Barracks, Lemgo: 20 Armoured Brigade. By doing so, you will enable it to remain free to all. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material On Thursday, a flag-lowering ceremony marked the handover of the base in Bielefeld to. Ivar McGrath, The Grand Question Debated: Swift, Army Barracks and Money. A small permanent team maintains 25 Service Family Accommodation quarters, enough accommodation for 600 troops on exercise and various associated buildings, as well as three satellite camps in the Baldy Beacons area of Belize. Lies in Northern Cyprus and therefore not currently in use. The vast majority of Irelands surviving military installations (north and south of todays border), including barracks, posts, camps, forts and castles, were constructed by the British during the 19th century. After listening to these concerns As Garrett Fitzgerald put it, I think the face of the dangers which a British withdrawal would have created four our Ireland was a very good recruiting ground for the British Army, not only for the Irish Regiments. Separate schools, he says, resulted in the majority of people up to the age of 18 having no conversation with members of the rival creed and Nick Cohen (Guardian 23 July 2007) described this as educational apartheid. There are also quarterly issues for 1839, 1842 and 1854. However, sporadic violence continued after this point. Opposition to the practice of 'transporting' convicts, most notably from the convict colonies themselves, saw a decline in transportation and the establishment of 'home convict depots'. Mitchelstown:Infantry barracks with accommodation for three officers and 72 men. They were stationed in the installation through decades of civil unrest and violence in the North. Renamed Fort Meagher in 1938 and now owned by the Cork County Council. November 2013, Military History Society of Ireland, Dublin. If you use Twitter, you can always contact me at my account @1418research. 3. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. P100). Many who served during this period remember the sounds of multiple gun battles, the metallic sound of the terrorists Armalite rifles, followed by the distinctive sound of the armys SLRs returning fire, and the rumble of distant explosions. Your email address will not be published. Incensed soldiers broke out of the New Barracks twice, roaming the streets looking for a fight until the police and a military picket returned them their quarters. The fort was rebuilt again in 1624. 10 September 2015, Towards a New Military History of Ireland Workshop, Trinity College Dublin. He was the first soldier to be killed during The following were the permanent barracks in county Cork: Ballincollig: This was the principal artillery depot for the county. They were located on 16 acres of land and provided accommodation for 112 officers and 1478 men of infantry, and 24 officers, 120 men, and 112 horses of cavalry. efforts to alert informed British opinion indirectly of the dangers involved Elizabeth Fort held out but the main attack was directed at the eastern city wall, the wall was breached and the city capitulated within four days. In addition to the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the 1960 Treaty of Establishment between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Cyprus granted the UK the right to permanently make use of 40 further sites on the island for military purposes. Richmond Barracks Inchicore. In addition to the units shown were the regimental depots of regiments based in Ireland. Senior civil servants warned such a proposal may result in Britain also makes a permanent contribution to the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. the proposal (Ibid), Garrett Fitzgerald also said, In the event our concerns The town of Fermoy expanded around these facilities and retained its British military facilities until 1922. In September 2020, an investment was made to expand the facility's training infrastructure for the British Army. Although due to the very nature of terrorism it is always Widespread intercommunal violence, they said, may Ivar McGrath, Mapping State and Society in Eighteenth-Century Ireland. Building began in Dublin with the Royal Barracks, designed by Colonel Thomas Burgh: it was first occupied by soldiers in 1707, with the chapel and prison added in 1848. Almost all of these units, except for the depots, RGA Companies and 5th Reserve Brigade RFA, left for service in France during August 1914. The Barracks was first occupied by the British Army in 1814. On 23 March 1945, units of the 21 Army crossed the river Rhine near the German city of Wesel. The British government passed an act of parliament in 1707 so In terms of statistics, an early 19th century list gives the total accommodation in 121 permanent and 171 temporary barracks (both infantry and cavalry barracks) as 73,462 personnel, including 2,525 officers and 70,937 other ranks (non-commissioned officers/N.C.O.s and private soldiers). 2015, History Hub Podcast. #1 There isn't much history (that Ive seen) about this place, but we can assume what we need to. Northern Ireland Chief. Many Irishmen were stationed there before going overseas to fight in the First World War. In memory of Frank, Harry, Thomas, William, Gabriel and James, and all other members of my family who experienced the terrible Great War. South Armagh has a long Irish republican tradition. people, the Irish parliament of 1697 voted to develop a network of barracks in Ireland. This gap coincides with the birth of his 2 daughters IN 1818 AND 1821. IMATT (International Military Advisory and Training Team), Facility for training the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces, The Nanyuki Show Ground (NSG) and Training Area, International Mine Action Training Centre, The British Peace Support Team East Africa, The IMATC is a joint British and Kenyan venture aimed at alleviating the suffering caused by landmines and explosive remnants of war, by providing high quality Mine Action Training, Headquarters, Strike Experimentation Group, 1st Armoured Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps, Military Preparation College for Training, Defence School of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, 5th Force Support Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, Balaclava Company, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland (, This page was last edited on 1 February 2023, at 22:47. Sources Prisoners were employed quarrying stone, building the Haulbowline Island docks, and construction work at Fort Westmoreland. In 1830 the Irish made up 42% of the regular army, this had reduced to 25% by 1871. paradise john prine chords; 57 foods to stockpile; bmw x5 parasitic battery drain; Related articles; missing dallas girl found Iraq- Another Sphere of Iranian Influence? 2. British overseas bases are concentrated in Cyprus, Brunei, Kenya, the South Atlantic and Germany. Conditions were slightly improved by the sanitation committee which was established following the Crimean war but no significant changes took place until the barrack building programme of the 1890s. To protect the flow of finance and other support from some Irish Americans who believed the propaganda, the IRA did everything they could to hide the fact they were also being armed and financed by Libyas Gaddafi who was the main sponsor for international terrorists. Renamed Fort Davis in 1838 and now owned by the Department of Defence. British Forces Gibraltar (BFG) maintains the garrison at Gibraltar. 53 Jermyn Street, London, UK. Polarisation as a result of inequality was made worse by the Northern Ireland Parliament, based in Stormont, being dominated for over 50-years by unionists (Loyalists) and its attempts to solve political and social issues such as institutional discrimination against Catholics being regarded as too slow by Catholics and too quick by the Protestants (Loyalists). A fairly common scenario in any part of the British Empire where the occupation was against the natives wishes (ie most of the Empire). Although the meeting was classified top secret senior politicians in Ireland were made aware of the proposal and this was met with serious concerns regarding the future security of the Irish Republic. They demolished Elizabeth Fort in order that it might not be used against them, however they were soon defeated by the army of Lord Mountjoy and, as a penalty, were made to rebuild it. The vast majority of the records in the MPD collection however were acquired by Military Archives in the early 1980s, from the Office of Public Works headquarters in St. Stephens Green, under the supervision of the then Officer in Charge, Commandant Peter Young (RIP). Learn more. Accommodation is used by BFC, visiting troops and youth services in support of adventurous training. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for NEWPORT, RI. Currency. seemed to have paid off (Ibid), Looking back, Fitzgerald said, at the fraught period 30 In 1791 Mr. John Anderson purchased two thirds of the manor and when, in 1797, the army was looking to establish a new and permanent base Anderson gifted them the land as an inducement to locate in Fermoy. There were 16 military stations providing, in total, accommodation for 352 officers and 6799 men. battalions the British army had come to rely on in North America. army of oppression. with his kind permission. (Boyd, Anderson: Falkner and the Crisis of Ulster Unionism. research is required), Military historian and defence commentator Royal Artillery was shot in the head by a PIRA gunman whilst on foot patrol in 2. children? Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for photo 1941 - Royal Army - barracks in Spoleto soldiers in training at the best online prices at eBay! At its peak in 1918 it employed over 1000 shipyard workers. On the eastern half of the island the Admiralty established the only naval arsenal in Ireland (large enough to supply the entire navy for one year). Whyte also says, employment was also highly segregated, particularly at senior management level. Ireland but in reality, the republican movements were non-democratic and rejected During a seven-month period the total number of terrorist bombs were 311, this does not include those which failed to explode, and more than 100 civilians were injured as a result of these indiscriminate bombings of civilian areas. Although the so-called troubles was constantly reported in newspapers Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 16 ARMY PHOTOGRAPHS CIRCA 1950'S KEMPSTON BARRACKS WAR MEMORIAL DEDICATION ETC at the best online prices at eBay! The sections enclosed in quotation marks are extracted directly from the article, the rest is my summary. There was a clear danger that such a withdrawal might be followed by full-scale civil war and anarchy in Northern Ireland with disastrous repercussions for our state as well as for the north and also possibly for Great Britain itselfWe in the Republic had an important common interest with the Northern Ireland political party {SDLP}, which was a powerful barrier against the IRA, the openly stated agenda of which at the time was the destruction of the democratic Irish state and the submission by force of an all-Ireland social republic. March 1971) brothers John McCaig, 17 and Joseph 18, along with 23-year-old Pages in category "Barracks in Northern Ireland" The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total. They could neither be extended nor used during hostilities without the consent of the Irish Government, and the Government of De Valera was not cooperative. Neither then nor since has public opinion in Ireland [1] Contents 1 Marlborough Lines 2 Stanhope Lines 3 Bordon and Longmoor, Hampshire 4 Wellington Lines 5 Montgomery Lines 6 1960s Barracks 7 Other Barracks 8 References If you find it a valuable resource, please consider becoming a supporter. However, the provenance of a particular architectural drawing cannot be guaranteed by reference to the name of the location alone. The list below gives 180 up to the Truce and 17 . A permanent garrison was established there in the 1690 but in 1806, when it was decided to shift the army to Spike Island, it was appropriated to the Admiralty and Ordnance. They were initially created by Lieutenant-General George Hart (1808-1878). Military Archives, Cathal Brugha Bks, Rathmines, Dublin 6. armoured vehicles. Gerrett Fitzgerald, the Irish Foreign Minister who later became Taoiseach (Prime Minister of the Irish Republic) said if that had happened, we would not have been able to deal with the resulting backlash from avenging Loyalists. Mapping State and Society in Eighteenth-Century Ireland. During this rally William Craig, leader of the Vanguard, announced, We must build up the dossiers of men and women who are a menace to this country, because one day, ladies and gentlemen, if the politicians fail, it will be our duty to liquidate the enemy. Inline images in messages are the copyright of the respective linked sites. Anvil Books, Tralee, Republic of Ireland 1972. According to an 1847 report, which tabulates details of 138 barracks in Ireland , thirty-five had been constructed before 1791, sixty-eight between 1791 and 1815 (the Napoleonic era) and sixteen after 1815. 1. Skibbereen:A small infantry barracks. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. These marches were met with violence from the Protestant community and as the number of marches increased so did the level of violence against them. The two Islands were connected by a causeway and wooden bridge for the duration of this work. During a single night there were 20 explosions and these Construction and maintenance of barrack buildings was the responsibility of the Ordnance until that department was disbanded in 1855. RootsChat.com cannot be held responsible directly or indirectly for the messages or content posted by others. the regular use of car bombs against military and police patrols. It is still in development, but has launched with an interactive map of all 142 army barracks active on the island between 1690 and 1815 (click the image, right, to view), as well as a more detailed look at the barracks in County . Declassified government papers show at the height of the troubles Prime Minister Harold Wilson held a number of meetings with members of his cabinet to discuss the feasibility of a military withdrawal and repartitioning the country in favour of the Irish Republic. What has become known as "The Troubles" breaks out. Regiments Of the Malta Garrison 1800 - 1979 Home 1799-1979 Articles Medical Officers Contact The total ran to 30, 479, of which the largest individual sums were incurred for barracks in Kilmainham (Richmond), Parsonstown (Birr), Templemore and Portobello (Dublin).In terms of understanding how soldiers were stationed in Ireland, the MPD collection, where certain sheets include detailed architectural plans and tables of accommodation, helps to shine light on exactly how soldiers, animals and equipment were housed in Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries. View all posts by Alan Malcher, Your email address will not be published. Rocky Island: A small island near Haulbowline, honeycombed with tunnels and used as a massive gunpowder magazine (25,000 barrels), it was designed to supply the whole of Ireland. border. Sometimes the buildings were located close to open sewers which served to exacerbate the problem. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window). Ivar McGrath, So many little military-colleges scattered up and down the country: The establishment of a country-wide network of permanent residential barracks in eighteenth-century Ireland; Patrick Walsh, Who Paid What? 34th (the Cumberland) Regiment of Foot were in Ireland from 1872 until leaving for India in 1875. Barracks for Infantry and Cavalry located on 'a commanding eminence NE of the city'. On 1st October 1921, there were 57,116 personnel, an increase of 8,376 on the October 1920 figure and of 22,834 on the 1913 figure. The Turks & Caicos Islands Regiment, a mostly Marine Regiment with close ties with the. The Royal Barracks was . James Coleman "The Story of Spike Island", Journal of Cork Historical and Archaeological Society (1893) Vol. The Barracks were erected in 1806 by the late Abraham Hargrave Esq. It was designed between 1872 & 1874, built between 1874 & 1878 and cost 25,000. of Harold Wilsons premiership. (Ibid). Free shipping for many products! Catterick Barracks has been the last remaining headquarters for the British forces in Germany since 2013. Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century all the forts were manned by elements of the Royal Garrison Artillery (often artillery militia) and were periodically updated with new guns. An 18-year-old soldier has been found dead at an army barracks in London. Victoria Barracks The CAINE Project, at the University of Ulster have years later, what remains most vivid in my mind about the time is the terrible Throughout was a two-hour gun battle between 30 PIRA gunmen and 12 soldiers. Often soldiers had to make do with 200-300 cubic feet of air per man, when 600 was considered the minimum in British prisons.". 137-40. no doubt a British military withdrawal would have resulted in a civil war which From 4.95. 1. The Troubles were a period of conflict in Northern Ireland involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries, the British security forces, and civil rights groups.They are usually dated from the late 1960s through to the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. to protect both communities and it was not, as the IRA propagandists claim, an